1. Author’s name: Sir William Golding 2. Notes on the author, his life and time: William Gerald Golding was born in Cornwall in 1911. His family was progressive and it was the first source of influence for Golding's talent. He studied physics and English literature at Marlboro and Oxford University of England. From the first years of his life, he faced the atrocities of war. He also took part in the Second World War by joining the British Navy at 1940. The war, as a physical result, changed a lot W.Golding's view of li
1. Author’s name: William Somerset Maugham 2. Notes on the author, his life and time: British novelist, playwright, short-story writer, highest paid author in the world in the 1930s. Despite his popularity, Maugham did not gain serious recognition. Maugham's skill in handling plot has been compared by critics in the manner of Guy de Maupassant. In many novels the surroundings are international and the stories are told in clear, economical style with cynical or resigned undertone. W. Somerset Maugham was born in Paris as the
The whole human body is covered with a tender white skin and is composed of muscles and bones. The parts of our body are : the head, the trunk and the limbs. The head is composed of the face and the skull, which is covered with light or dark hair, and holds the brain. In old age the hair is getting grey or white and falls off. We must have our hair cut from time to time at the hairdresser΄s. The face comprise the forehead, the temples, the cheeks, the mouth with lips, the chin, the eyes, the ears, and the nose. The eye is
Every day the lives of plants and animals are increasingly in danger - mostly because of human interference. The main threat to wildlife today is loss of habitat as a result of humans´ changing. Many years ago, large areas of the world were covered by forests, where millions of different species of plants and animals lived. Today these forests are much smaller because people burn the forests and cut down the trees for farmland and housing. Many sorts animals and plants now haven´t place to live. Today many species are rare, but some animals h
Cholera, severe infectious disease endemic in India and some other tropical countries and occasionally spreading to temperate climates. The symptoms of cholera are diarrhea and the loss of water and salts in the stool. In severe cholera, the patient develops violent diarrhea with characteristic “rice-water stools,” vomiting, thirst, muscle cramps, and sometimes circulatory collapse. Death can occur as quickly as a few hours after the onset of symptoms. The mortality rate is more than 50 percent in untreated cases, but falls to less than 1 p
Diabetes Mellitus, disease caused by defective carbohydrate metabolism and characterized by abnormally large amounts of sugar in the blood and urine. Diabetes mellitus affects approximately five percent of the United States population, about 10-12 million people, of whom about half remain undiagnosed. Diabetes mellitus can eventually damage the eyes, kidneys, heart, and limbs, and can endanger pregnancy. Proper treatment, however, can minimize these complications. Diabetes mellitus is usually classified into two types. Type I, or insulin
Asthma, Bronchial (Greek asthma, “panting”), respiratory disease in which spasm and constriction of the bronchial passages and swelling of their mucous lining cause obstruction of breathing, often due to allergy, particularly to dust, animal fur or feathers, molds, and pollen. Many people with allergic asthma, also called atopic or extrinsic asthma, also suffer from hay fever. Asthma in adults is less likely to be caused by allergy, and more likely to be associated with respiratory infections and emotional upsets. Nonallergic asthma is call
Anorexia Nervosa, in medicine, a condition characterized by intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, as well as a distorted body image, leading to an excessive weight loss from restricting food intake and excessive exercise. Anorexia nervosa is not associated with any preexisting physical illness. It is found chiefly in adolescents, especially young women. Between 5 and 18 percent of known anorexia nervosa victims die of starvation, and the condition may also lead to abnormalities in the menstrual cycle and increased susceptibility to
Anemia (Greek for “bloodlessness”), a blood condition involving an abnormal reduction in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) or in their hemoglobin content. These cells are the means by which oxygen is carried to the various parts of the body. People who are anemic develop symptoms caused by the inadequate delivery of oxygen to their body tissues. There are three primary causes of anemia: (1) reduced production of red blood cells, which may result from deficiency in nutrients or hormones, or from disease or other conditions; (2) ex
Alzheimer's Disease, progressive degenerative disease of the brain now considered a leading cause of dementia (among the old). First described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906, it affects an estimated 2.5 to 3 million persons in the U.S. The incidence of the disease increases with advancing age, but there is no evidence that it is caused by the aging process. The average life expectancy of persons with the disease is between five and ten years, although many patients now survive 15 years or more due to improvem
Allergy, a condition of hypersensitivity in certain persons or animals to substances harmless to most individuals. Some people have characterized allergy as immunity “gone wrong.” In the immune reaction, contact with a disease-producing microorganism or a toxin prompts an individual to build up antibodies (proteins related to globulin serum) against the offending organism or toxin so that he or she will be protected against further exposure. All normal people are able to produce such protective antibodies, but in some the capacity to differ
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), disease that renders the body's immune system unable to resist invasion by several microorganisms that cause serious infections. It is usually characterized by severe weight loss and fatigue, and frequently by neurological complications due to damage of cells of the brain. There is also a high incidence of certain cancers, especially Kaposi's sarcoma, which shows up as purple lesions on the skin, and tumors known as B-cell lymphomas. AIDS is transmitted by blood, through intimate sexual cont
Abortion, termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life. When the expulsion from the womb occurs after the fetus becomes viable (capable of independent life), usually at the end of six months of pregnancy, it is technically a premature birth.
Types of Abortions Abortion may be spontaneous or induced. Expelled fetuses weighing less than 0.50 kg or of less than 20 weeks' gestation are usually considered abortions.
Spontaneous It is estimated that some 25 percent of all huma
Each person and each country has a different style of eating. The things that we are eating are effecting us by the physical and also the psychical way. But some things we can’t effect. One of those things is also tubercolosis.
Tuberculosis (TB) is chronic or acute bacterial infection, which is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacteria that is an aerobe, rod shaped, acid fast, that has a characteristic mycolic acid cell wall. It’s about 2 to 4 micrometers long. This bacterium can effect
What is an ecosystem? It is a part of biome, where works a relationship between fauna, flora and their environment in particular area (e.g.: river, forest, meadow). All parts of ecosystem influence the other parts, and are –in response- being influenced by them. Plants, animals, bacteria work in an SYSTEM which is called ECOSYSTEM. My task in this work was to study any environment in area near my home and find some ec
The phylum Chytridiomycota, the chytrids, represents a group of primitive aquatic fungi. They are characterized by having gametes that are motile by means of flagella.
Zygomycota
The zygomycetes, in phylum Zygomycota, are characterized by the formation of sexual spores called zygospores. The zygospores are not contained within a specialized fruiting body or sac. Zygospores form when the haploid nuclei at the ends of two hyphae fuse together in a process of fertilization to form a diploid
Obesity is probably the most common chronic disease in our country. As much as 33% of the population is over-weight, with the percentage higher among women and minorities. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors (poor appetite control, unhealthy eating habits, lack of exercise) all influence the balance between energy intake and output. When intake exceeds output over the long term, the excess energy is stored as fat.
1. The Brain This is the enlarged anterior end of the spinal cord. Like the spinal cord it has two regions called the grey matter and the white matter. In the brain the grey matter makes the outer layer surrounding the inner region of the white matter. There are also spaces called ventricles which are filled with cerebro-spinal fluid. The brain is the receiver and the analyser of the sensory information. It has three main regions: the forebrain, the midbrain and the hind-brain. In man, the
In this essay I will describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell and contrast it with the structure of an eukaryotic one. The prokaryotic cell is quite simply built, and therefore I would like not only to mention its parts - called organelles - but also to discuss some of their general functions. I would start with the major property: size. Prokaryotes are very small - 0.3 µm (Mycoplasma) up to 10 µm (Spirochete). Bigger, but still not visible for the human eye, are most eukaryotes: 5 µm
It was hard for me to choose the right topic from section B. The fifth option was the one I found best. The goal is to explain the cell membrane structure and, mentioning examples, to discuss the mechanisms by which materials move into and out of animal cells. The cell membrane, also called plasma membrane, is a very complex structure. Its task is to regulate a constant traffic of materials into and out of the cell. The main part of the cell membrane is a huge amount of phospholipid molecules, ordered into a b