William Golding (1911-1993) - in full Sir Willam Gerald Golding English novelist who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. The choice was unexpected, because the internationally famous novelist Graham Greene (1904-1991) was considered the strongest candidate from the English writers. In many works Golding has revealed the dark places of human heart, when isolated individuals or small groups are pushed into extreme situations. His work is characterized by exploration of 'the darkness of man's heart', deep spiritu
Ted Hughes (1930-1998) - byname of Edward J. Hughes English poet, dramatist, critic, and short story writer, married to the American poet Sylvia Plath, who committed suicide in 1963. Hughes stated that poems, like animals, are each one 'an assembly of living parts, moved by a single spirit.' In his early works he presented a sardonic view of man's function in the universal scheme, and continued the theme of survival, the power and the mystery of the cosmos, and the war between vitality and death, in several of his later co
Some Elements of Structuralism and its Application to Literary Theory I. General Principles 1. Meaning occurs through difference. Meaning is not identification of the sign with object in the real world or with some pre-existent concept or essential reality; rather it is generated by difference among signs in a signifying system. For instance, the meaning of the words "woman" and "lady" are established by their relations to one another in a meaning-field. They both refer to a human female, but what consti
Some Attributes of Modernist Literature Perspectivism: the locating of meaning from the viewpoint of the individual; the use of narrators located within the action of the fiction, experiencing from a personal, particular (as opposed to an omniscient, 'objective') perspective; the use of many voices, contrasts and contestations of perspective; the consequent disappearance of the omniscient narrator, especially as 'spokesperson' for the author; the author retires from the scene of representation, files her or his finger
Sir Kingsley Amis (1922-1995) Novelist, poet, critic, and teacher, father of the writer Martin Amis, generally grouped among the "angry young men" in the 1950s, though he denied the affiliation. Amis' ascent from the obscurity of lower-middle-class London was largely self-willed. He became a man of outrageous wit and genius, and gained reputation as a "supreme clubman, boozer and blimp." A radical in his young adulthood, Amis was later know for his conservative critique of contemporary life and manners. "�
Seamus (Justin) Heaney (1939-) Irish poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995. According to Heaney, poetry balances the "scales of reality towards some transcendent equilibrium." From the early collections, Heaney have combined in his works deep personal memories, his rural background and local things with a common Irish heritage. "Only the very stupid or the very deprived can any longer help knowing that the documents of civilization have been written in blood and tears, blood and tears no less real for
Lawrence Durrell (1912-1990) Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright, best known for THE ALEXANDRIA QUARTET (1957-60). Many once believed it would secure Durrell the Nobel Prize for Literature. The experimental novel of mystery, love, and espionage explored memory, contradicting a love affair of a young writer with the recollections of the other people. Durrell spent most of his life outside England - in India, Corfu, Egypt, Yugoslavia, Rhodes, Cyprus, and the south of France. Durrell was born in Darjeeling, India, as the son of Lawrence Samuel
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (1882-1941) Irish novelist, noted for his experimental use of language in such works as ULYSSES (1922) and FINNEGANS WAKE (1939). Joyce's technical innovations in the art of the novel include an extensive use of interior monologue; he used a complex network of symbolic parallels drawn from the mythology, history, and literature, and created a unique language of invented words, puns, and allusions. From 1902 Joyce spent his life in Paris, Trieste, Rome, and Zurich, with only occasional brief visit to Ir
Harold Pinter (1930-) English playwright who achieved international success as one of the most complex post-World War II dramatist. Pinter's plays are noted for their use of silence to increase tension, understatement, and cryptic small talk. Equally recognizable are the 'Pinteresque' themes - nameless menace, erotic fantasy, obsession and jealousy, family hatred and mental disturbance. "I don't know how music can influence writing, but it has been very important for me, both jazz and classical music. I feel a se
Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) American writer, eccentric, whose Paris home was a salon for the Cubist and experimental artist and writers, among them Henri Matisse, Sherwood Anderson, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. In Paris Stein became a legend with her Roman senator haircut, verbal facility and especially surviving the German occupation and percecution of sexual minorities and Jews in France. "Most of us balk at her soporific rigmaroles, her echolaliac incantations, her half-witted-sou
Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972) American poet and critic, often called "the poet's poet" because his profound influence on 20th century writing in English. Pound believed that poetry is the highest of arts. He challenged many of the common views of his time and spent 12 years in an American mental hospital. "Let us build here an exquisite friendship, The flame, the autumn, and the green rose of love Fought out their strife here, 'tis a place of wonder ; Where these have been, meet 'tis, th
Alan Sillitoe (1928-) English novelist, children's book writer, playwright and social critic, compared to D.H.Lawrence, who also came from Nottingham. Sillitoe introduced in the post-World War II British fiction realistically portrayed working-class heroes, and was labelled as one of the Angry Young men. His range as a writer has since widened. Sillitoe has written more than fifty books over the last forty years, including novels, plays, and collections of short stories, poems, and travel pieces, as well as more than four hundred es
Angela (Olive) Carter (1940-1992) English short story writer, novelist, journalist, dramatist and critic, representantive of magic realism added with Gothic themes, violence, and eroticism. Carter utilized throughout her career the language and characteristic motifs of the fantasy genre to dramatize her sense that the old orders of the Western world were breaking down. Her work represents a successful combination of postmodern literary theories and feminist politics. "-Then the city vanished; it ceased, almost immediately, to be a m
The two main characters are George and Lennie. There is the unlikely relationship between them. Lennie, because of his mental immaturity, is reliant upon George. The another importanat is the fact how George relies on Lennie in unfriendly and lonely enviroment of the migrant labourer. This bond of trust and friendship is tragically highlighted in the closing lines of the novel.
Curley´s wife is also important character. She got married Curly to escape from her own loneli
““ It is no wonder that Canadians are good at winter sports, since Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world. In the north it is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, and its Arctis islands extend to within 800 km of North Pole. ““ Canada, the second largest country in the world, has only 25 million inhabitans. ““ Canada – this word is Indian origin and means Village. First inhabitans – Indians and Eskimos (Eskimo = person who eat raw meat). ““ Over most of the cent
The coast of Canada was discovered in 1497. But the first permanent settlers were the French in the 17th century, who called their colony New France. Anglo-French rivalry in Canada resulted in the defeat of the French and in 1763 Canada became a British colony. In 1867 Canada was granted self-government and became the first Dominion in the British Empire.
It consisted of only four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. Present-day Canada is politically divided into ten provinces and
Canada is a country which is situated on the American continent. It occupies the northern part of North America. It borders on the USA in the south, on the Pacific ocean in the west, on the Atlantic ocean on the east and on the Arctic ocean in the north. It’s total area is about 10 million square kilometer and it’s the second largest country in the world. Canada has high mountain ranges, such as The Rocky Mountains, the Mackenzie Mountains ant the Melville Hills. The highest mountain is Mt. Logan in the Alaska region. It’s famous for it
Canada is a part of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Its status is a Dominion. The official head is the British Queen Elizabeth II. In Canada she is represented by the Governor General. The actual head of the executive power is the Prime Minister. He selects his own Cabinet. Canada is a federation and consist of 10 provinces and 2 territories. There is a Federal Government for the whole area of Canada and Provincial Government it there are provinces. The Federal Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the Senate. The members of the
Area Canada occupies the whole territory of northern part of North America except Alaska. Its area is almost 10 million km2, which makes it the second largest country in the world after Russia. It borders on the USA in the south and on the Arctic Ocean in the north. Canada is divided into then provinces – Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec (the largest province), Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia and two territories – Northwest Territories and the Yu
Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories. The largest province is Quebec. The other provinces are Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia. The territories are the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories. Canada occupies the northern part of the North American continent except Alaska. On Canada's southern border lies the USA and on the north is the Arctic Ocean. The total area of Canada is 9,970,610 km2. Of this, 9,215,430 km2 is land and