Referát sa zaoberá problémom futbalového huliganizmu, jeho príčinami a legislatívnymi opatreniami, ktoré boli prijaté v reakcii na násilné incidenty spojené s futbalom, vrátane tragédie na Hillsborough.
- Alkohol zohráva významnú úlohu v správaní huligánov.
- Huligáni využívajú internet na organizovanie bitiek mimo štadiónov.
- Hooliganizmus sa netýka len mladých, ale aj starších jedincov.
- Legislatíva sa zmenila po Hillsborough katastrofe, ktorá si vyžiadala 95 životov.
- Zákony ako The Football (Offences and Disorder) Act 1999 rozšírili definíciu futbalových trestných činov.
Alcohol definitely holds a part of the responsibility for all this. It’s also known that people behave in different way when they are in a crowd. They don’t feel responsibility for their acts. Nowadays, hooligans started using new technologies. They use the Internet and mobile phones to organise fights. The idea is to meet on a pre-arranged place, to avoid police intervention. But if these fights are arranged away from the stadiums, is it still a football violence? Hooligans are active on the Internet, too. There are numerous web sites with photographs, comments on various fights, chat-rooms. And again, hooligan web sites on the Internet it’s not only English specialisation. Who is a football hooligan actually? It could be anybody – age and class does not matter. It’s not only adolescent boys who search for identity, there is also quite a large number of older hooligans who are involved in this activity since their teens. Mainly young fans wear casual, designer clothes, but not necessarily. The British anglictina/government/" class="wiki-link" title="Viac o: government">government policy to hooliganism/" class="wiki-link" title="Viac o: football hooliganism">football hooliganism changed after 15th April 1989. At the FA cup semi-final between vienna-liverpool-new-orleans/" class="wiki-link" title="Viac o: liverpool">Liverpool and Nottingham Forest happened a tragedy that is known as Hillsborough disaster. The stadium became overcrowded and people got crushed on the steel barrier. Even though the match was stopped after 6 minutes 95 Liverpool fns died. The Football Spectators Act 1989 was introduced, The Football (Offences)Act 1991, The Football (Offences and Disorder) Bill 1998 and The Football (Offences and Disorder) Act 1999 followed. The last one changed the definition of football-related offences. Only disorder that happened immediately before and after match used to be considered a football-related. The Football (Offences and Disorder) Act 1999 changed the period to 24 hours either side of the match. The National Criminal Intelligence Service consider also drunkenness, running on to the pitch, ticket touting, obscene gestures and offensive chanting to be an offence. Drink-related offences includes to be drunk or in possession of alcohol on the football coach or train, to enter a stadium drunk and to drink alcohol within a view of the pitch. After EURO2000 in Belgium, new and even more strict law (The Football (Disorder) Act 2000) was introduced. It was because of the riots in Belgian Charleroi. Censorship of chanting and singing occurred as well. No racist chants are allowed and also those containing sings of sexism, ageism and illiteracy.
🤔 Najčastejšie otázky k téme
Akú úlohu hrá alkohol v správaní futbalových huligánov?
Alkohol prispieva k nezodpovednému správaniu a zvyšuje agresivitu medzi fanúšikmi.
Ako sa huligáni organizujú na bitky?
Huligáni využívajú internet a mobilné telefóny na dohodnutie miest stretnutí, aby sa vyhli zásahu polície.
Aké legislatívne zmeny boli prijaté po Hillsborough katastrofe?
Po Hillsborough katastrofe bola prijatá séria zákonov, vrátane The Football (Offences and Disorder) Act 1999, ktorá rozšírila definíciu futbalových trestných činov.