Referát sa zaoberá rôznymi typmi trhových štruktúr, ako sú dokonale konkurenčný trh, monopol, monopolistická konkurencia a oligopol. Každá z týchto štruktúr má svoje charakteristiky, podmienky a vplyv na ceny a výrobu.
- Dokonale konkurenčný trh má mnoho predajcov a homogénne produkty.
- Monopol je trhová štruktúra s jedným predajcom a bez blízkych substitútov.
- Monopolistická konkurencia zahŕňa mnoho predajcov s diferencovanými produktmi.
- Oligopol je trh, kde niekoľko predajcov dominuje a vstup nových predajcov je ťažký.
- Cenová diskriminácia je prax predaja rovnakého produktu za rôzne ceny rôznym zákazníkom.
Perfectly competitive market 1-there are many sellers in the market 2-Products sold are homogeneous,identical 3-Each firm has a very small share of total shares 4-No seller in the market regards competing sellers as a threat 5-Information about the product is freeli available(prices,technologies) 6-Freedom of entry & exit inot the market by sellers;no bariers Competitive firm-That sells in a perfectly competitive market in which it is a price taker-can only react to the market price & can't influence it econ.profit=TR-TC ; TR=PxQ ; AR=TR/Q=PxQ/Q=P
Pure monopoly Condition that occurs when there's a single seller of a product that has no close substitutes Monopoly power:tha ability of a firm to influence the price of its product by making more or less of it available to buyers Barriers to entry:1-story/" class="wiki-link" title="Viac o: anglictina">anglictina/government/" class="wiki-link" title="Viac o: government">Government licences(UPC);2-patents & copyrights;3-ownership of the entire sypply of energy-resources/" class="wiki-link" title="Viac o: resources">resources Natural monopoly:when a company takes the whole market by inventing a new tech. and lowering its cost, so that other companies doesn't compete with it
Profit maximisation by monopoly firms:competitive firm produces until marginal revenue equals marginal costs(MR=MC).monopoly MR of additional output is less than the price at which that output is sold Price discrimination:practice of selling a certain product of given quality and cost per unit at different prices to different buyers
Conditions before PD 1-ability to control the price of own products 2-product sold at different price must not be resaleable 3-the seller must be able to determine the willingness and abilty to pay vary among customers a monopolist will only engage in price discrimination if they can increase their profits by doing so benefits:1-large companies can affort to engage in research & development because they have the resources which small firms don't 2-technological inovations help bring the prices down in the long run social cost of monopoly-is a measure of the loss in potential benefits from the reduced availability of a good because the monopoloy controls the price of & supply of this good
Monopolistic competition Exists when many sellers compete to sell differentiated products in a market into which entry of a new seller is pos Characteristic 1-relatively large no.of firms with small share 2-product of each firm is not a substitute for products of ohther firms 3-firms don't consider the reaction of their rivals when choosing the price of their products; 4-relatiev freedom of entry & exit from this market 5-firms don't cooperate in any way to decrease competition or fix price MC's also characterized by heavy cost for product development & adv.
Oligopoly Market structure in which a few sellers dominate the sales of a good and wheer entry of new sellers is difficult or impossoble;product can be differentiated or standardised
Char.:
1-market centralisation:only few firms supply the entire market 2-some of the firms have large market share & can influence the price 3-firms are independent & react to proce changes by the rivals
Cartel-group of firms acting together to coordinate output decisions & control prices as if they were a single monopoly Income distribution:FOP: labour wage; land rent; capital interest; enterpreneurship profit-the returns to FOP
Extra income:-dividends earned from shares; -social benefits if you are unemployed; -hobbies-interests/" class="wiki-link" title="Viac o: interests">interests on saving account Wage distribution:wage differ enormously from region to region
Demand for labour-determined by the marginal productivity of the labour input; supply of labour:4 dimension:1-population size,2-%of people gainfully employed,3-average no. of hours worked,3-qualty of prod.effort When wage incr:-workers may decide to work longer hours(extra incom.) May decide to work less hours because is happy with the wage
Factors that influence wage difference 1-compensation differentials 2-labour quality 3-unique element; 4-market segmentation
Profit=TR-TC; 3 factors(det.profit):1-profit as implicit return-oportunity cost of investing capital; 2-profit as reward for risk bearing & innovation
3-profit as monopoly returns Land&capital:commonàdurable ,can be bought & sold, Diff land:non-produced factor,capital:output of the economy
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Čo je dokonale konkurenčný trh?
Dokonale konkurenčný trh je trh s mnohými predajcami, homogénnymi produktmi a bez bariér pre vstup a výstup.
Aké sú hlavné charakteristiky monopolu?
Monopol je trhová štruktúra s jedným predajcom, ktorý má schopnosť ovplyvniť cenu produktu a existujú bariéry pre vstup nových predajcov.
Čo je cenová diskriminácia?
Cenová diskriminácia je prax, pri ktorej sa rovnaký produkt predáva za rôzne ceny rôznym zákazníkom, pričom predajca musí mať schopnosť kontrolovať cenu a určiť ochotu zákazníkov platiť.