The EU- European Union
A Union established after WWII to unite the nations of Europe economically to prevent another war among them.
History:
Ø After WWII Europe was weak, there were 2 superpowers – America and the Soviet Union.
Ø In 1952 the European Coal and Steel Treaty was created. This organisation had 6 members – France, West Germany, Italy and Benelux countries: Belgium, Netherland, and Luxembourg. Its arm was to; a. unite Europe’s coal and steel industries and make them more efficient. b. to promote peace and co – operation.
Ø Five years later [ in 1957 ] at a conference in Rome the membering countries went futher – they decided to form the closer union – EEC – European Economic Community The founding countries came up with 4 freedoms
1. Freedom of movement for people
2. Freedom of movement for goods
3. Freedom of movement for services
4. Freedom of movement for capital
Ø During nearly 50 years there have been 4 waves of enlargement
- 1. in 1973 – Denmark, Ireland and the UK were accepted
- 2. in 1981 – Greece joined EU
- 3. in 1986 – Portugal and Spain become members
- 4. in 1995 – Austria, Finland and Sweden
Ø In 1992 the Treaty of EU was signed in Maastricht and send to 12 membering states for ratification: the main objective was to strengthen integration it contained: a time for individual steps to set up a monetary union among the membering countries.
a timetable for the competition of a single European Market However, this treaty didn’t pass, because it wasn’t ratified by the Danish referendum {The Danes refused to ratify it mostly because of EU fishing policy}
Ø in 1997 The Amsterdam Treaty came out
- it mainly refers to employment and citizen lights
Ø Since January 1999, 11 member countries accepted the new European currency Euro. These countries started to use Euro banknotes in January 2002 The Governing Bodies
The European Council
- proposes general policy
- consist of the heads of member countries {prime ministers, foreign ministers}
- meets at least twice a year, usually for 2 day
The European Commission
- body which has right to initiate legislation
- responsible for administration
- heaguarters in Brussels – employs 16000 people
- consists for 5 years
The European Parliament
- members elected every 5 years by people of the Members States
- they work in 2 places : Strasbourg and Brussel
- they can pass the laws {co-decision with council}
- they represent the views of ordinary Europeans
The Council of European
- consist of government ministers {represent the governments of members states}
- the presidency rotates among the members states every 6 months. Most EU decisions are made by the council {mostly by majority vote}
- meet on awange 1 a week
The EU Parliament and The Council of EU pass the laws {co-decision procedure}
The Court of Justice
- it consists of 15 judges + 9 advocates general {1 from each member state]
- ensures that Community low is interpreted and effectively applied
- seat in Luxembourg
- deals with e. g. complaints
The Court of Auditor
- responsible for auditing the accounts
- monitors the union’s financial activities
The main institutions are supported by other body
The Budget
The EU ha its own resources of revenue, which consist of:
- VAT – collected by the member states
- customs duties on industrial product and taxes on agriculture products.
- contributions by each mem. states based on its Gross National Product
The Budget Finances: e. g.
- the common policies like agriculture {about 15%}
- research and development
- programs linked to the single market
- other external activities of EU
Present {the 5th} wave of enlargement
- currently there are 13 applicant countries for the entry into the EU - The CR,
- before joining the EU each country hat to do a lot of things and fulfil a lot of various criteria